earthquake神奇宝贝-earthquakes

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves（地震波）. Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer（地震检波器）, also known as a seismograph（地震仪）. The moment magnitude of an earthquake is conventionally reported, or the related and mostly obsolete Richter magnitude(里氏量级）, with magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes being mostly imperceptible 感觉不到的 and magnitude 7 causing serious damage over large areas. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale（麦加利震级, 麦氏震级）.

At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by a shaking and sometimes displacement （位移）of the ground. When a large earthquake epicenter （震中）is located offshore, the seabed sometimes suffers sufficient displacement to cause a tsunami（海啸）. The shaking in earthquakes can also trigger landslides and occasionally volcanic activity.

In its most generic sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—whether a natural phenomenon or an event caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture（破裂, 裂开） of geological faults（断层）, but also by volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear experiments.

An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The term epicenter means the point at ground level directly above this.

地震的小学英语作文

地震

earthquake

quake

shake

shock

tremor

temblor [美语] (pl. -s, -blores )

（地震）发生于…

hit… 袭击，打击，使遭受

strike… 突然发生

shake… 摇；摇动；摇撼

jolt… 使颠簸，摇晃

rock… 摇，摇动，使振动

roll across… 波动，起伏，横摇

rip through… 裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯

破坏程度（小→大）

damage 损害，损伤；〔口语〕伤害，毁坏。

destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残。

shatter .破坏；捣毁；破灭。

devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭。

level 推倒，夷平。

flatten 夷为平地。

地震学相关词汇：

seismological 地震学上的

seismology 地震学

seismograph 地震仪

seismographer 地震学家

aftershock 余震

smaller tremors 小地震

epicenter 震中

magnitude 震级

Richter Scale(1—10) 里氏震级

earthquake monitoring 地震监控

tsunami 海啸

tsunami warning system 海啸预警系统

tidal waves 潮汐波，浪潮

natural disaster 自然灾害

tragedy 灾难

wreckage 残骸

death toll 亡人数

survivors 幸存者

victims 受灾者

international contributions 国际援助

evacuation 撤离

rescue team 救援小组

希望对楼主有所帮助。

关于地震的英语作文带翻译有哪些?

　震是地球内部缓慢积累的能量突然释放引起的地球表层的振动。遇到地震千万不要慌，和有方法的去对付它。

　地震

　Earthquake is a natural hazard, always threatening the life of people, so everyone is afraid of earthquakes, but do you know how to protect yourself in an earthquake?

　In the school.

　First, keep calm.

　Second: in the playground, or outdoor, can not move down, to protect the head with your hands, and pay attention to avoid tall buildings or danger.

　Third: don't go back to the classroom. Should be organized to evacuate after the earthquake.

　Fourth: don't jump off a building! Don't stand in the window!

　地震是一种自然危害，时时威胁着人们的生命，所以每个人都害怕地震，但你知道如何在地震中保护好你自己吗?

　在学校。

　第一：保持镇定。

　第二：在操场或室外时，可原地不动蹲下，双手保护头部，注意避开高大建筑物或危险物。

　第三：不要回到教室去。 地震后应当有组织地撤离。

　第四：千万不要跳楼!不要站在窗外!

　地震

　Earthquakes may take place anywhere on the earth?s surface. During all earth quake, the vibrations make the earth's surface tremble, and even crack open. Houses fall, people are killed or injured and sometimes whole cities are destroyed.

　Can we do something to protect ourselves against earthquakes? Can we take precautionary measures? We can. Scientists have made investigation on earthquakes. They have made maps showing the earthquake belts. In areas along these belts, earthquakes are likely to occur. In these areas we can build special houses to resist earthquake shocks and protect ourselves.

　in the future, scientists will be able to predict exactly when and where earthquakes will take place. Then they will be able to tell people to take precautionary measures. Thus lives can he saved and damage can be lessened.

　地震可能发生在地球表面的任何地方。地震时，震动使地表颤动甚至裂开。房屋坍塌，人员伤亡，有时整座城市变为废墟。

　我们能够采取措施保护自己免遭地震伤害吗?能采取预防措施吗? 能。科学家们对地球进行了调查研究。他们绘制地图标出了地震带。沿着这些地震带可能有地震发生。在这些地震区，我们可以修建特殊房屋来抗震和保护自己。将来，科学家们将能准确的预报地震将在什么时候和什么地方发生。然后他们会告诉人们采取预防措施。如此，生命可以得到拯救，损失可以减轻。

　防范地震

　it is important for us to know how to prevent us from being hurt in earthquake . the most effective way is to depend on ourselves. we can get everything ready before it happens . we must keep enough food and drinking water with us . when it happens keep calm and don't run about .follow the correct orders .only in this way,can we get the most chance to survive in earthquake.

　对于我们来说知道如何在地震中免遭伤害是很重要的。最有效的方法是靠自己。我们可以在地震前把一切准备好。我们必须随身保持足够的食物和饮用水。当地震发生时 要保持镇静,不要乱跑。遵循正确的命令。只有用这种方法,我们才能得到最大的生存机会。

关于地震的一些英语单词

关于地震的英语作文带翻译有如下：

Earthquake is one of the most severe natural disasters. It's shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky ourter shell. Its results can be very horrible.

The Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 and Japan Earthquake in 2011 are the most severe earthquakes in recent years, causing huge casualties and property losses.

But earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Many deaths and injuries in earthquaking result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings.

译文

地震是最严重的自然灾害之一。它是由于地球岩石外壳的大部分突然破裂和移动而引起的地面震动。其结果可能非常可怕。

2008年汶川地震和2011年日本地震是近年来最严重的地震，造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。

但地震几乎从来不会直接导致人亡。地震中的许多伤亡都是由坠物和建筑物倒塌造成的。

关于地震的英文介绍

一起学习吧---

earthquake 地震

shake 震动；摇晃

tremor颤动；震动

temblor [美语] 地震

hit 袭击、打击，使遭受

strike 突然发生；打击

jolt 使颠簸，摇晃

rock 摇，摇动，使振动

roll across 波动，起伏，横摇

rip through 裂开，破开；突进，横撞直闯

damage 损害；损伤

destroy 毁坏，破坏；摧残

shatter 破坏；捣毁；破灭

devastate 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废；毁灭

level 推倒，夷平

flatten 夷为平地

seismological 地震学上的

seismology 地震学

seismograph 地震仪

seismographer 地震学家

aftershock 余震

smaller tremors 小地震

epicenter 震中

magnitude 震级

Richter Scale(1-10) 里氏震级

at a scale of 7.8 on the Richter calculations 里氏7.8级地震

earthquake monitoring 地震监控

tsunami 海啸

rock and mud slides 泥石流

tsunami warning system 海啸预警系统

tidal waves 潮汐波，浪潮

natural disaster 自然灾害

tragedy 灾难

wreckage 残骸

death toll 亡人数

survivors 幸存者

victims 受灾者

international contributions 国际援助

evacuation 撤离

rescue team 救援小组

雅安地震的英语作文素材：学生应该知道的地震知识

关于地震的英文资料

An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky outer shell. Earthquakes are among the most powerful events on earth, and their results can be terrifying. A severe earthquake may release energy 10,000 times as great as that of the first atomic bomb. Rock movements during an earthquake can make rivers change their course. Earthquakes can trigger landslides that cause great damage and loss of life. Large earthquakes beneath the ocean can create a series of huge, destructive waves called tsunamis (pronounced tsoo NAH meez) that flood coasts for many miles.

Earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Instead, many deaths and injuries in earthquakes result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings, bridges, and other structures. Fire resulting from broken gas or power lines is another major danger during a quake. Spills of hazardous chemicals are also a concern during an earthquake.

The force of an earthquake depends on how much rock breaks and how far it shifts. Powerful earthquakes can shake firm ground violently for great distances. During minor earthquakes, the vibration may be no greater than the vibration caused by a passing truck.

On average, a powerful earthquake occurs less than once every two years. At least 40 moderate earthquakes cause damage somewhere in the world each year. About 40,000 to 50,000 small earthquakes--large enough to be felt but not damaging--occur annually.

附带翻译:地震是震动地面由突然打破和转移地球的岩石外壳的大部分造成。地震是在最强有力的事件之中在地球上, 并且他们的结果可能是恐怖的。一次严厉地震也许发布能量10,000 倍伟大象那第一。岩石运动在地震期间能做河改变他们的路线。地震可能触发导致巨大损伤和丧生的山崩。大地震在海洋之下可能创造一系列的巨大, 破坏性的波浪叫做海啸 那次洪水沿海许多英里。

地震几乎从未人直接。反而, 许多亡和伤害在地震起因于下落的对象和大厦、桥梁, 和其它结构的崩溃。火起因于残破的气体或输电线是其它主要危险在地震期间。危害化学制品溢出并且是关心在地震期间。

地震的力量依靠多少岩石断裂和多远它转移。强有力的地震可能猛烈地震动牢固的地面为了不起的距离。在较小地震期间, 振动也许没有大于振动由一辆通过的卡车造成。 平均, 一次强有力的地震发生较不比一次每二年。至少40 次轻度地震每年造成损伤某处在世界。大约40,000 次到50,000 次小地震-- 足够大感觉但不损坏-- 年年发生。

高分 急需关于地震的 要用英语的

Earthquake (earthquake) also known as the earthquake, ground vibration, vibration caused by the crust is the rapid release of energy in the process, a kind of natural phenomenon during the seismic waves can be generated. Earthquakes occur around the world each year about five million five hundred thousand times. Earthquake often caused serious casualties, can cause fires, floods, toxic gas leakage, bacteria and the spread of radioactive material, may also cause secondary disaster of tsunami, landslide, collapse, ground crack.

　地震分布可分为时间和地理两方面分布

The distribution of earthquakes can be divided into two aspects of time and geographical distribution

　时间分布

Time distribution

　地震活动在时间上具有一定的周期性。表现为在一定时间段内地震活动频繁，强度大，称为地震活跃期;而另一时间段内地震活动相对来讲频率少，强度小，称为地震平静期。

Seismic activity has certain periodicity in time. Performance for the frequent seismic activity, in a certain period of time intensity, called seismic active period; and another time period seismic activity is relatively less frequency, intensity, called seismic quiescence.

　地理分布

Geographic distribution

　地理分布——地震带

Geographic distribution -- seismic belt

　地震的地理分布受一定的地质条件控制，具有一定的规律。板块之间的消亡边界，形成地震活动活跃的地震带。全世界主要有三个地震带：一是环太平洋地震带，环绕地球中的太平洋板块，包括南、北美洲太平洋沿岸，阿留申群岛、堪察加半岛，千岛群岛、日本列岛，经台湾再到菲律宾转向东南直至新西兰，是地球上地震最活跃的地区，集中了全世界80%以上的地震，5大地震，4次在这。本带是在太平洋板块和美洲板块、亚欧板块、印度洋板块的消亡边界，南极洲板块和美洲板块的消亡边界上。

The geographic distribution of earthquakes is under the control of certain geological conditions, has certain regularity. The subduction boundary between plates, forming active seismic zone, seismic activity. The whole world has three main seismic belts: one is the Pacific seismic belt, surround the Pacific plate in the earth, including the south, the North American Pacific coast, the Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Japan islands, via Taiwan to Philippines to the southeast until the New Zealand, is one of the most active earthquake area, concentrated more than 80% earthquakes worldwide, 5 earthquake, 4 times in this. This zone in the Pacific plate and the American plate, Eurasian plate, India plate and the subduction boundary, boundary of the Antarctic plate and the American plate die.

　二是欧亚地震带，大致从印度尼西亚西部，缅甸经中国横断山脉，喜马拉雅山脉，越过帕米尔高原，经中亚细亚到达地中海及其沿岸。本带是在亚欧板块和非洲板块、印度洋板块的消亡边界上。

Two is the Eurasian seismic belt, roughly from West Indonesia, Burma through the Hengduan Mountains, China Himalaya mountains, crossed the Pamirs, the Central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea and the coast. The band at the boundary of Eurasia and Africa plate, India plate and disappearing.

　三是中洋脊地震带，包含延绵世界三大洋(即太平洋、大西洋和印度洋)和北极海的中洋脊。中洋脊地震带仅含全球约5﹪的地震，此地震带的地震几乎都是浅层地震。

Three is the mid-ocean ridge seismic belt, contains three of the world's oceans stretches (i.e., the Atlantic Pacific and India ocean and the Arctic Ocean ridge). Seismic mid-ocean ridge seismic zone containing only about 5 ﹪ earthquake belt, here almost all earthquakes is shallow earthquakes.

　中国地震主要分布在五个区域：台湾地区、西南地区、西北地区、华北地区、东南沿海地区。

China earthquake are mainly distributed in five regions: Taiwan, southwest, northwest, North China region, the southeast coastal areas.

　地震震级

Earthquake magnitude

　地震震级是根据地震时释放的能量的大小而定的。一次地震释放的能量越多，地震级别越大。人类有记录的震级的地震是1960年5月21日智利发生的9.5级地震，所释放的能量相当于一颗1800万吨炸药量的氢弹，或相当于100万千瓦的发电厂40年的发电量。汶川地震所释放的能量大约相当于90万吨炸药量的氢弹，或100万千瓦的发电厂2年的发电量。

The earthquake magnitude is determined according to the seismic energy released by the size of the. An earthquake release more energy, more earthquake level. The largest earthquake magnitude human record is May 21, 1960 Chile earthquake occurred in 9.5, the hydrogen bomb release energy equivalent to a 18000000 tons of explosive charge, or the equivalent of 1000000 kilowatts of power plant generating capacity of 40 years. Hydrogen released by Wenchuan seismic energy equivalent to about 900000 tons of explosive charge, generating capacity of 2 years or 1000000 kilowatts of power plant.

　国际上一般采用美国地震学家查尔斯·弗朗西斯·芮希特和宾诺·古腾堡(Beno Gutenberg)于1935年共同提出的震级划分法，即通常所说的里氏地震规模。里氏规模是地震波振幅以10为底的对数，并选择距震中100千米的距离为标准。里氏规模每增强一级，释放的能量约增加32倍，相隔二级的震级其能量相差1000 (~ 32 × 32)倍。

International general use the United States seismologist Charles Francis Richter and beno Gutenberg (Beno Gutenberg) magnitude division method proposed in 1935, commonly known as the Richter scale. The Richter scale earthquake wave is the maximum amplitude of the base 10 logarithm, and select 100 kilometres from the epicentre distance as the standard. The Richter scale increases by one level, the release of energy increased by about 32 times, two of the magnitude of the energy difference of 1000 separated (~ 32 × 32) times.

　小于里氏2.5级的地震，人一般不易察觉，称为小震或微震;里氏2.5-5.0的地震，震中附近的人会有不同程度的感觉，称为有感地震，全世界每年大约发生十几万次;大于里氏规模5.0的地震，会造成建筑物不同程度的损坏，称为破坏性地震。里氏规模4.5以上的地震可以在全球范围内监测到。有记录以来，历的地震是发生在1960年5月22日19时11分南美洲的智利，根据美国地质调查所，里氏规模竟达9.5。

Less than a magnitude 2.5 earthquake, generally difficult to detect, known as the small earthquake or tremor; 2.5-5.0 earthquake magnitude, epicenter near the people will have different feeling, called felt earthquake, around the world each year hundreds of thousands of times greater than about; earthquake measuring 5 on the Richter scale, will cause damage to buildings in different degree, known as the devastating earthquake. The earthquake measuring 4.5 on the Richter scale above can be globally monitor. Since records began, the largest in the history of the earthquake occurred at nineteen eleven on May 22, 1960 Chile of South America, according to the United States Geological Survey, up to 9.5 on the Richter scale.

关于地震的英语作文带翻译怎么写？

Earthquake refers to the internal forces in the lithosphere under-ran off the breakdown occurred, within the Earth's seismic waves can be released in the form of a strong, which led to a certain extent the ground shook.

There are many reasons for the earthquake, according to the causes of earthquakes, earthquakes can be divided into the following categories:

1. Tectonic earthquake

As the deep underground rock dislocation, the breakdown caused by the earthquake known as tectonic earthquake. Such an earthquake occurred most frequently, also the most destructive power, the world seismic account for about 90%.

2. Volcanic earthquakes

As the role of the volcano, such as the magma caused by seismic activity such as volcanic as the earthquake. Only in the zone of volcanic activity may have occurred before the volcanic earthquakes, an earthquake of such earthquakes around the world accounts for only about 7%.

3. Earthquake collapse

As the cave on the ground floor or at the top of the mine collapse caused by an earthquake known as the earthquake collapse. Such an earthquake the size of the relatively small number of very few, if any, tend to occur in the limestone cave clouds or large-scale mining of underground mining.

4. Earthquake-induced

Due to water storage reservoirs, oil fields, such as water triggered by seismic activity known as the earthquake-induced. Such an earthquake only in certain specific fields or reservoir areas.

5. Artificial earthquake

Underground nuclear explosion, explosives and blasting ground vibration caused by man-made artificial known as the earthquake. By the man-made seismic activity caused by the earthquake. Industries such as blasting, the vibration caused by underground nuclear explosions; carried out in the deep well water, as well as large high-pressure reservoir after the water has increased the pressure on the earth's crust, sometimes induced by an earthquake.

An earthquake occurs, the most basic is a row of ground vibration, the shaking is obvious. In the earthquake zone who are in great sway until the first is sometimes beat up and down. This is because the seismic waves from ground to ground, the first wave arrived because. Then have a big wave amplitude of the shaking of the horizontal direction is the main reason for disasters caused by earthquakes.

Earthquake on the landscape have a significant impact on the natural world, the most important consequence of a disruption on the ground and cracks. The earthquake fault surface often stretching to several dozens of kilometers, often with obvious from the mistake and the level of vertical distance wrong, to reflect the changes in the structure of the Office source characteristics. However, not all the fault surface and the source directly linked to the movement, they also may be due to seismic waves caused by secondary impact. In particular, the surface area of thick sediment, the sloping edge of the road on both sides of the river bank and often to crack, which is often due to the terrain, in the side of not relying on the conditions so that the shaking loose topsoil and crack. The earthquake shaking so that the surface soil subsidence, the shallow water along the way will be squeezed by rising to the surface cracks formed to take water sandblast phenomenon. Large earthquakes can change the local terrain, or uplift or subsidence. Urban and rural areas to make split-path, distortion of the tracks, bridges broken. In the modern city, due to the breakdown of buried pipes and cables have been cut off caused by water, power and communications disrupted. Gas, radioactive materials and toxic gas leak can lead to fire and toxic, radioactive contamination, and other secondary disasters. In the mountains, landslides and earthquakes can cause landslides buried villages and towns often caused by the tragedy. The Mount rivers and landslides blocked in the upper reaches of the lake to form the earthquake.

Earthquake refers to the land (lithosphere) rapid fibrillation. By the earthquake can be divided into two main causes: tectonic earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes. Tectonic earthquake on the impact of the greatest human beings. Such an earthquake is due to the stress of the earth's interior, causing structural changes in the earthquake. Crust of rock, in the long-term effects of stress, will tilt and bend, when the accumulated stress over to the rock maximizing can bear, the vulnerable strata where it will lead to dislocation and fracture of a sudden, the long-term The accumulation of all of a sudden release of energy, and in the form of seismic waves to spread around, so that took place on the ground tremble.

There are two types of seismic waves spread in the form of: P-wave and S-wave. P-wave spread fast through the strong, so when an earthquake occurs, the first to reach the ground, this time at the epicenter of the people will be bumps up and down. Then wave to reach the earth began to shake around before and after, Fangdaowuta cause serious, earth and rock avalanche, the deformation of the road.

Usually the size of the earthquake magnitude to that. Seismic energy released is, the higher the magnitude. Increase in the magnitude of each level, an increase of about 30 times more energy.

In an area affected by the earthquake and the extent of the damage with that intensity, with the size of its magnitude, epicenter is directly related to the distance. In addition, the source and depth, geological structure, building on the ground and so on. The distance from the epicenter in the same place where sometimes there is also a great difference in intensity.

Earthquakes are a common natural phenomenon. Almost every day, the earth quake, an average of 500 million, of which felt tremors 50,000 times more than 7 earthquake on average less than 20 times.

Earthquake with a certain amount of time and space distribution. From the time point of view, there is an earthquake active and quiet periods alternating cyclical phenomenon. From space, the distribution of the earthquake was a certain band, said the seismic zone, mainly in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean - the two major Himalayan seismic zone. Pacific seismic belt in the world to focus almost 80% of the shallow earthquakes (0 km to 70 km), all of the source (70 km to 300 km) and deep-source earthquakes, the seismic energy released about 80% of the total energy.

1. Precursor of the pre-earthquake?

1. Groundwater anomaly.

As the rock on the ground floor by squeezing or stretching, so that the water table to rise or fall; or so that the crust in-house gases and some of the material with the overflow of water, ground water by bubble, the fashion, and so on Bianwei.

Bao is well water, too early precursor,

Muddy rain water, well water Tianzao risk,

Changes in water level, to spend up to take bubble,

Some change color or flavor change.

2. Abnormal animals.

Before the earthquake a day or two, cattle, horses do not rush into the ring, bouncing bounce chaos, more than bray, disturbed by the irritating, reducing diet; some do not feed Zhu Yang, disturbed by the irritating, Luancuan run; Kuangjiao more than a dog; Not chicken into the nest, fear not cry; not duck into the water; chaos rabbit hop bounce, and alarm; pigeons in a few days before the earthquake Jing Fei, did not return to the nest; close to a pot of bees to fly away to a pot; response to the most sensitive rats , In the earthquake the previous day to a few days, the mice to run all of a sudden a light, and some small mouth moving rats; some of the snakes out of hibernation outside, a tree; bounce You panic shore fish, such as Potentilla belly.To light and sound manner.

And to light and sound is on the eve of an earthquake or an earthquake, sent from the ground or on the ground floor of the light and sound, it is important impending omen. Earthquake "before the main shock-aftershock of a shock," the law, it is necessary to grasp the attention to prevent

地震是指岩石圈在内力作用下脱然发生破裂，地球内能以地震波的形式强烈释放出来，从而引起一定范围内地面震动的现象。

发生地震的原因很多，根据地震的成因，可以把地震分为以下几种：

1．构造地震

由于地下深处岩层错动、破裂所造成的地震称为构造地震。这类地震发生的次数最多，破坏力也最大，约占全世界地震的90%以上。

2．火山地震

由于火山作用，如岩浆活动等引起的地震称为火山地震。只有在火山活动区才可能发生火山地震，这类地震只占全世界地震的7%左右。

3．塌陷地震

由于地下岩洞或矿井顶部塌陷而引起的地震称为塌陷地震。这类地震的规模比较小，次数也很少，即使有，也往往发生在溶洞密布的石灰岩地区或大规模地下开采的矿区。

4．诱发地震

由于水库蓄水、油田注水等活动而引发的地震称为诱发地震。这类地震仅仅在某些特定的水库库区或油田地区发生。

5．人工地震

地下核爆炸、炸药爆破等人为引起的地面振动称为人工地震。 人工地震是由人为活动引起的地震。如工业爆破、地下核爆炸造成的振动；在深井中进行高压注水以及大水库蓄水后增加了地壳的压力，有时也会诱发地震。

地震发生时，最基本的现象是地面的连续振动，主要是明显的晃动。在震区的人在感到大的晃动之前，有时首先感到上下跳动。这是因为地震波从地下向地面传来，纵波首先到达的缘故。横波接着产生大振幅的水平方向的晃动，是造成地震灾害的主要原因。

地震对自然界景观产生很大影响，最主要的后果是地面出现断层和地裂缝。大地震的地表断层常绵延几十至几百千米，往往具有较明显的垂直错距和水平错距，能反映出震源处的构造变动特征。但并不是所有的地表断裂都直接与震源的运动相联系，它们也可能是由于地震波造成的次生影响。特别是地表沉积层较厚的地区，坡地边缘、河岸和道路两旁常出现地裂缝，这往往是由于地形因素，在一侧没有依托的条件下晃动使表土松垮和崩裂。地震的晃动使表土下沉，浅层的地下水受挤压会沿地裂缝上升至地表，形成喷沙冒水现象。大地震能使局部地形改观，或隆起，或沉降。使城乡道路坼裂、铁轨扭曲、桥梁折断。在现代化城市中，由于地下管道破裂和电缆被切断造成停水、停电和通讯受阻。煤气、有毒气体和放射性物质泄漏可导致火灾和毒物、放射性污染等次生灾害。在山区，地震还能引起山崩和滑坡，常造成掩埋村镇的惨剧。崩塌的山石堵塞江河，在上游形成地震湖。

地震指大地（岩石圈）的快速颤动。地震按主要成因可分为两种：构造地震和火山地震。构造地震对人类的影响最大。这类地震是由于地球内部应力，引起构造变动而发生的地震。地壳中的岩层，在地应力的长期作用下，会发生倾斜和弯曲，当积累起来的地应力超过岩层所能承受的最大限度时，岩层脆弱的地方便会发生突然断裂和错位，使长期积累的能量突然释放出来，并以地震波的形式向四周传播，使地面发生颤动。

地震波主要有两种传播形式：纵波和横波。纵波传播速度快、通过能力强，所以当地震发生时，首先到达地面，这时位于震中的人们会感到上下颠簸。接着横波到达，大地便开始前后左右摇晃，严重时造成房倒屋塌、土石崩落、公路变形。

地震的大小通常用震级来表示。地震释放的能量越大，震级越高。震级每增加一级，能量约增加 30倍。

某地区受地震影响和破坏的程度用烈度表示，其大小同震级、震中的距离有直接关系。此外还和震源深浅、地质构造、地面建筑等有关。在距震中距离相同的地方有时烈度相差也很大。

地震是一种普通的自然现象。地球上差不多每天都有地震，平均每年发生500万次，其中有感地震5万次，7级以上的大震平均不到20次。

地震具有一定的时空分布规律。从时间上看，地震有活跃期和平静期交替出现的周期性现象。从空间上看，地震的分布呈一定的带状，称地震带，主要集中在环太平洋和地中海—喜马拉雅两大地震带。太平洋地震带几乎集中了全世界80％以上的浅源地震（0千米～70千米），全部的中源（70千米～300千米）和深源地震，所释放的地震能量约占全部能量的80％。

1.大震前有何前兆？

1. 地下水异常。

由于地下岩层受到挤压或拉伸，使地下水位上升或下降；或者使地壳内部气体和某些物质随水溢出，而使地下水冒泡、发浑、变味等。

井水是个宝, 前兆来得早,

天雨水质浑, 天早井水冒,

水位变化大, 翻花冒气泡,

有的变颜色, 有的变味道。

2. 动物异常。

震前一、二天,牛、马赶不进圈,乱蹦乱跳,嘶叫不止,烦燥不安,饮食减少；一些猪羊不吃食,烦燥不安,乱跑乱窜;狗狂叫不止；鸡不进窝,惊啼不止；鸭不下水；家兔乱蹦乱跳,惊恐不安；鸽子在震前数天惊飞,不回巢；密蜂一窝一窝地飞走；老鼠反应最灵敏,在震前一天至数天,老鼠突然跑光了,有的叼着小老鼠搬家；有些冬眠的蛇爬出洞外,上树；鱼惊慌乱跳游向岸边,翻白肚等。

震前动物有预兆； 老鼠搬家往外逃；

鸡飞上树猪拱圈； 鸭不下水狗狂叫；

冬眠麻蛇早出洞； 鱼儿惊慌水面跳。

3. 地光和地声。

地光和地声是地震前夕或地震时,从地下或地面发出的光亮及声音,是重要的临震预兆。 地震有“前震一主震一余震”的规律,要注意掌握,防止

写作思路：首先介绍地震的基本信息，然后描写遇到地震时的安全知识，通过逐步描写使文章内容更加清晰简洁。

范文：

Earthquake is a natural hazard, always threatening the life of people, so everyone is afraid of earthquakes, but do you know how to protect yourself in an earthquake?In the school.

地震是一种自然灾害，总是威胁着人们的生命，所以每个人都害怕地震，但是你知道在学校里如何在地震中保护自己吗？

First, keep calm.

首先，保持冷静。

Second: in the playground, or outdoor, can not move down, to protect the head with your hands, and pay attention to avoid tall buildings or danger.

第二：在操场上，或室外，不能向下移动，要用手保护头部，并注意避开高楼或危险。

Third: don't go back to the classroom.Should be organized to evacuate after the earthquake.

第三：不要回教室。事故发生后应组织人员撤离地震。

Fourth: don't jump off a building! Don't stand in the window!

第四：不要从建筑物上跳下去！别站在窗户里！